Pharmacogenomics, explained
The same dose of a medicine can be too much for one person and useless for another because their genes clear or activate it at different rates. These pages describe the genes with the strongest evidence, the drugs they affect, and what a consumer DNA file can and cannot tell you.
Drug-metabolising genes
Drugs with gene-based guidance
AtomoxetineCYP2D6 · ADHD Medication · CPIC level ACaffeineCYP1A2 · Stimulant · CPIC level BCaffeineNAT2 · Stimulant (methylxanthine) · CPIC level DCelecoxibCYP2C9 · NSAID (COX-2 inhibitor) · CPIC level BClopidogrelCYP2C19 · Antiplatelet · CPIC level AClozapineCYP1A2 · Atypical Antipsychotic · CPIC level BCodeineCYP2D6 · Opioid Analgesic · CPIC level ADapsoneNAT2 · Anti-infective / Anti-inflammatory · CPIC level CEscitalopram/CitalopramCYP2C19 · SSRI Antidepressant · CPIC level AFlurbiprofen/NSAIDsCYP2C9 · NSAID · CPIC level BHydralazineNAT2 · Antihypertensive (vasodilator) · CPIC level AIsoniazidNAT2 · Anti-tuberculosis · CPIC level AMelatoninCYP1A2 · Supplement / Hormone · CPIC level COndansetronCYP2D6 · Antiemetic · CPIC level BPhenytoinCYP2C9 · Anticonvulsant · CPIC level AProcainamideNAT2 · Antiarrhythmic · CPIC level BProton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)CYP2C19 · Acid Suppressant · CPIC level ASulfasalazineNAT2 · Anti-inflammatory (DMARD) · CPIC level BTamoxifenCYP2D6 · Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator · CPIC level ATheophyllineCYP1A2 · Bronchodilator · CPIC level BTramadolCYP2D6 · Opioid Analgesic · CPIC level AVoriconazoleCYP2C19 · Antifungal · CPIC level AWarfarinCYP2C9 · Anticoagulant · CPIC level A
HLA alleles: drug hypersensitivity and immune conditions
HLA-B*57:01AbacavirHLA-B*58:01AllopurinolHLA-A*31:01Carbamazepine, OxcarbazepineHLA-DQ2.5Celiac Disease, Type 1 DiabetesHLA-DQ8Celiac Disease, Type 1 DiabetesHLA-DQB1*06:02Narcolepsy, Multiple SclerosisHLA-B*27Ankylosing Spondylitis, Reactive ArthritisHLA-DRB1*04Rheumatoid ArthritisHLA-C*06:02Psoriasis
See your own metaboliser types and HLA tags
Upload a 23andMe, AncestryDNA or WeGene raw file → · Ask G2: “Which of my medicines are affected by my pharmacogenomic profile?”
Upload a 23andMe, AncestryDNA or WeGene raw file → · Ask G2: “Which of my medicines are affected by my pharmacogenomic profile?”
Genetic associations describe risk across populations, not a diagnosis for any one person. Most variants shift risk modestly and act alongside lifestyle, environment and other genes. Consumer DNA chips do not read every position and can be wrong at any single one. For general education only; talk to a clinician or genetic counsellor before acting on anything here, and never change a prescribed medicine without your prescriber.